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As early as the nineteenth century wrote Jonathan Leonard, a specialist on early Mexico, reports had come from this coastal region [the Mexican gulf coast] of gigantic heads with Negroid features.8 The first of these heads was discovered by Jose Melgar in Veracruz in 1862. Clearly, Africans helped civilize America well before Europeans discovered America, and well before Europeans claim to have civilized Africa. The great ancient civilizations of Egypt and West Africa traveled to the Americas, contributing immensely to early American civilization by importing the art of pyramid building, political systems and religious practices as well as mathematics, writing and a sophisticated calendar. Many web browsers, such as Chrome, Firefox, and Safari, now use their own PDF viewer instead of the Adobe PDF plug-in. AFRICA & ANCIENT IRELAND AFRICA TO IBERIA, Encouragingly, in a later publication Coe (1994) refrained from a denunciation of an early African ethnic presence, and Dr. Clyde Winters (1977, 1979, 1981, 1983, 1984, 1986, 1997, 2005, 2013) has reported the evidence in greater detail. Some of the Olmec sculptures depicting human beings are so decidedly Negroid that many scholars long thought that the indigenous Olmec culture itself was of Black origin. It insists on the leading role it played in some periods and it tries to find out in what periods there existed contact between Black Africa and the Americas. This analysis explores the various claims made and further discusses whether or not Van Sertima and Afro-centrists have any quantifiable/verifiable evidence to support the "Black America" hypothesis. He attended Princeton University and lectured at more than 100 colleges and universities. Are you ready to meet us and our scholars in the public so that the world may see who is a liar and who is telling the truth? Tutti i risultati di Google Ricerca Libri » African Presence in Early America, Volume 8,Edizione 2. As Columbus Day (October 12) approaches and as we celebrate the 40, Ever since Christopher Columbus first suggested that Black Africans preceded him to the New World, a number of scholars have investigated this contention. As in Darien, these Africans were also captives of war among the native Americans. Out of Stock. The first of these paintings by the Yuan court artist Liu Guandao in 1280,. The best known artifacts are the giant stone heads, which phenotypically resemble modern day Africans. African Origin of Civilization by Cheikh Anta Diop African Presence in Early America by Ivan Van Sertima African Presence In Early Asia by Runoko Rashidi and Ivan Van Sertima African Presence in Early Europe by Ivan Van Sertima African Woman the Original Guardian Angel by Ishakamusa Barashango stream ed. The original source of this article is Global Research. Historically, the African people have been exceptional explorers and purveyors of culture across the world. The king sent out 200 ships of men, and 200 ships of trade material, crops, animals, cloth and crucially African knowledge of astronomy, religion and the arts. To solve the most common PDF-display issues, follow the steps in Troubleshoot viewing PDF files on the web. In a very ancient epoch, wrote historian Riva Palacio, or before the existence of the Otomies [native Americans] or better yet invading them, the Black race occupied our territory This race brought its religious ideas and its own cult., Author C.C. Visions for Black Men Nashville: Winston-Derek, 1991. On the very ceremonial court and platform where four of the African-type heads were found in the holy capital of the Olmec world, La Venta. In describing the Olmec head, Melgar wrote that what astonished me was the Ethiopic [Black African] type which it represents. BLACK AFRICAS HISTORY This book was salvational in many ways at the time of its publication. Sitchin goes on stating that ther were two distinct fluxes of deities and people: one originated the myth of Viracocha, the other originated the myth of Quetzalcoatl. According to Von Wuthenau, [t]he startling fact is that in all parts of Mexico, from Campeche in the east to the southeast of Guerrero, and from Chiapas, next to the Guatemalan border, to the Panuco River in the Huasteca region (north of Veracruz) archeological pieces representing Negro or Negroid people have been found, especially in archaic or pre-classic sites. The work focuses largely on contact between Africa and America towards the close of the Bronze Age (circa 948-680 B.C.) Abstract The recent discovery of inscribed pottery in South India indicate that the history of writing among the Dravidian people did not begin with the introduction of Brahmi writing to South India. brilliantly [demonstrates] has that there is far more to black history than the slave trade."John A. Williams They Came Before Columbus reveals a compelling, dramatic, and superbly detailed documentation of the presence and legacy of Africans in ancient America. Nearly a dozen other European explorers also found Black people in the Americas when they reached the Western Hemisphere. Van Sertima makes it plain that Early America Revisited is more than a stack of evidence about the physical presence of Africans in pre-Columbian America, it is the study of how two peoples and cultures can lead to cross fertilization. German toxicologist, Svetla Balabanova, reported findings of cocaine and nicotine in ancient Egyptian mummies. Ivan Van Sertima (1935-2009) was professor of African studies at Rutgers University. 7-The Underrepresentation of African American Female, The Olmecs: An African Presence in Early America (In Celebration of Black History Month) By Paul A. Barton The Perspective February 28, 2001 According to an archeologist who recently participated in archeological work in Mexico, One of the most ancient civilizations in the Americas, the Black (Negritic) Olmecs developed a calendar that goes In his. Presents skeletal evidence from studies by craniologist Andrzej Weircinski which reveal a clear presence of Africanoid skulls from Olmec B.C.E. Sertima, who published his book They Came before Columbus: The African Presence in Ancient America in I976.7. When most people think about ancient Mexico, the first civilizations that come to mind are the Incas, Aztecs and the Maya. CAPE EVIDENCE OF WEST AFRICAN MOVEMENTS TO THE AMERICAS LESSON 2. After all, history will tell you that seafaring is the quintessential European achievement, the single endeavor of which Europeans are awfully proud. Collossol Afro-Olmec head of basalt wearing Nubian type war helmet, circa 1100 B.C. Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. African Presence in Early America - Paperback In this collective work, Van Sertima is joined by half a dozen other colleagues. Nearly a dozen other European explorers also found Black people in the Americas when they reached the Western Hemisphere. African Presence in Early America, Volume 8, Issue 2 Ivan Van Sertima Transaction Publishers, Jan 1, 1987 - America - 338 pages 3 Reviews Reviews aren't verified, but Google checks for and. How central the role was that African Americans played has never been completely told and, unfortunately, a pivotal part of that history has been excluded from this exhibit. Revealing the African Presence in Renaissance Europe is the first exhibition to bring together a wide variety of works of art in diverse mediums that bear witness to the multiple aspects of the African presence in Europe in the Age of Exploration. Seafaring allowed Europe to conquer the world. Islam in the African-American Experience Second Edition Even among the Maya, where Dr. Hammond has found 2000 B.C. African Presence in Early America Ivan Van Sertima 4.60 58 ratings1 review This volume presents what is presently known about the links between Africa and America before the age of Columbus. $ 14.29 - $ 27.29. Olmecs are perhaps best known for the carved colossal heads found in Central Mexico, that exhibit an unmistakably African Negroid appearance. An examination of this artwork, wrote Van Sertima, reveals the unmistakable combination of the kinky hair, broad nose, generous lips, frequency of prognathism (projecting jaws), occasional goatee beard, and sometimes distinctly African ear pendants, hairstyles, tattoo markings, and coloration.23, Author David Imhotep cites a number of scientists and scholars who have identified prehistoric skulls and skeletons of Black people of the Austro-Negrito type, dating back to as early as 56,000 years ago, throughout the New World.24 This appears to be substantiated by more recent discoveries.25, Our focus here, however, is on the Negroid skulls and skeletons that have been discovered at ancient and medieval New World sites. Early America Revisited is a vigorous defense and amplification of Ivan Van Sertima's classic work, They Came Before Columbus. Pp. African Presence in Early Asia Google Books Rashidi is an authority on the African presence in Asia, especially in the Phillipines and in India. 9.45. The great ancient civilizations of Egypt and West Africa traveled to the Americas, contributing immensely to early American civilization by importing the art of pyramid building, political systems and religious practices as well as mathematics, writing and a sophisticated calendar. A clear indicator of pre-Columbus African trans-Atlantic travel is the recent archeological findings of narcotics native to America in Ancient Egyptian mummies, which have astounded contemporary historians. 5, No. When the feasibility of African crossings of the Atlantic was not proven and the archaeological evidence undated and unknown, we could in all innocence ignore the most startling of coincidences. Speaking specifically about the African influence on the Olmec culture, historian Zecharia Sitchin provides this view: It is an embarrassing enigma, because it challenges scholars and prideful nationalists to explain how people from, In a world accustomed to suppressing, distorting, ignoring or denying the achievements of Black Africans it is difficult to accept the historical paradigm shift mandated by the evidence presented here. Black History, American History. The most striking similarities between the two cultures are seen in the magnificent stone structures that have been found on both sides of the Atlantic. I have never claimed, writes Van Sertima, that Africans created or founded the Olmec civilizationThey left a significant influence upon itand that is more than can be said of any other Old World group visiting the native American or emigrating to the continent before Columbus.34, A study of the Olmec civilization reveals elements that are remarkably similar to the ritual traits and techniques in the Egypto-Nubian world of the same period. Prince Easterbrooks - a slave in Lexington who had enlisted in Captain John Parker's militia and who was wounded at Concord, April 19, 1775. In the last twenty or thirty years several discoveries have rewritten the " possibility' of Atlantis and called into question the archaeological lock-out of the topic of submerged and lost/hidden lands. How African was the early human dispersal out of Africa, The roots of the Hispanic/Latino presence in the U.S. go back to colonial times when most of the countrys southern flank was under Spanish rule. Of course, some Western historians continue to refute this fact because, consciously or unconsciously, they are still hanging on to the 19th-century notion that seafaring was a European monopoly. All these religious similarities are too large and occur far too often to be mere coincidences. African Americans History & Culture Britannica.com On Monday [October 13 2014], Americas government offices, businesses, and banks all grind to a halt in order to commemorate Columbus Day. The currents off Africa serve as veritable conveyor belts to the Caribbean, the Gulf of Mexico and the northeastern corner of South America. An overwhelming body of new evidence is emerging which proves that Africans had frequently sailed across the Atlantic to the Americas, thousands of years before Columbus and indeed before Christ. To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds toupgrade your browser. These were the first Negroes that had been seen in the Indies.4 Peter Martyr, the first prominent European historian of the New World, stated that the Black men seen by Balboa and his companions were shipwrecked Africans who had taken refuge in the local mountains.5, Father Fray Gregoria Garcia, a priest of the Dominican order who spent nine years in Peru during the early sixteenth century, identified an island off of Cartagena, Columbia as the place where the Spanish first found Black people in the New World. The great ancient civilizations of Egypt and West Africa traveled to the Americas, contributing immensely to early American civilization by importing the art of pyramid building, political systems and religious practices as well as mathematics, writing and a sophisticated calendar. In his view this fleet was probably led by Phoenician navigators who had been pressed into service by the Nubian pharaohs of Egypt during the twenty fifth dynasty.45. The case for African contacts with pre-Columbian America, in spite of a number of understandable gaps and a few minor elements of contestable data, is no longer based on the fanciful conjecture and speculation of romantics. According to Michael Coe, the worlds foremost authority on Olmec culture, There is not the slightest doubt that all later civilizations in Mesoamerica, whether Mexican or Mayan, rest ultimately on an Olmec base.32 Van Sertima adds: The Olmec civilization was formative and seminal: it was to touch all others on this continent, directly or indirectly.33, Olmec monument from Tres Zapotes, Mexico (c. 1100 B.C. Price Tottenham. When viewed in their totality these cultural similarities strongly suggest that there was contact between the ancient Africans from the Nile Valley and the Olmec people. on the Internet. Notes on Mesoamerican Civilization, Discrimination in the Criminal Justice System predating the Anglo American presence; however, in 1847, Mexico lost approximately half of its territory to the United States. - Volume 28 Issue 3 Villacorta, has written: Any way you view it, Mexican civilization had its origin in Africa., Cleared of the surrounding earth, it [the colossal head] presented an awe-inspiring spectacle. There is now undisputed scientific proof that the first Americans were descended from Africans or Australian aborigines, according to evidence in a new BBC documentary. For, whether we accept the facts or not, Jairazbhoy appears to have been right when he wrote: The black began his career in America not as slave but as master., Ivan Van Sertima, Evidence For An African Presence in Pre-Columbian America, in Ivan Van Sertima (ed.). In Egypt there are numerous sculptures depicting four figurines symbolically holding up the sky. This volume presents what is presently known about the links between Africa and America before the age of Columbus. Ivan Van Sertima, Egypto-Nubian Presences in Ancient America, in Ivan Van Sertimas (ed.). Similarities across early American and African religions also indicate significant cross-cultural contact. There is not the slightest doubt that all later civilizations in [Mexico and Central America], rest ultimately on an Olmec base, once remarked Michael Coe, a leading historian on Mexico. Van Sertima, Egypto-Nubian Presences in Ancient Mexico, p.70. stream File, Mesoamerica was yet another world location for the emergence of an early civilization, but Mesoamerican societies were not necessarily connected to a single famous river (like the Nile) as the other early civilizations were, though there were plenty of rivers in the New World. In Egyptian mythology the human headed bird, Ba, flies out of the tomb. Early American Scans NetSuite, highlighting the economic and social forces most able to explain the presence or the absence of slave trading in different regions of the world. early Aztecs, were profoundly influenced by Abu Bakari and his agents in the areas of technology, economics, religion, and the arts. It makes a convincing case for pre-Columbian contacts between Africa and America before the era of the slave trade. The existence of Negroes and giants is commonly believed by nearly all the races of our soil Several archaeological objects found in various locations demonstrate their existence Memories of them in the most ancient traditions induce us to believe that the Negroes were the first inhabitants of Mexico, Another authority, J.A. Addeddate 2021-01-11 01:39:57 WHEAT David. This presence has always been a test case of the nation's claims to freedom, democracy, equality, the inclusiveness of all."[4] African-American literature explores the issues of freedom and equality long denied to Blacks in Conspicuous among these shared elements are those adopted by the monarchies in both civilizations, and appear in a combination too arbitrary and unique to be independently duplicated.35 They include the following: The double crown, the royal flail, the sacred boat or ceremonial bark of the kings, the religious value of the color purple and its special use among priests and people of high rank; the artificial beard, feathered fans and the parasol or ceremonial umbrella. 5 Ancient Black Civilizations That Were Not in Africa, be revised before people could look again at the hypothesis of an African presence in early America. or Were the ancient Turks, Akkads (Sumerians) and Dravidians (Tamils) the parents of Mexico and Meso-America, Magicians of the Gods by Graham Hancock (2015), Robbing Native American Cultures: Van Sertima's Afrocentricity and the Olmecs, ANCIENT INDIAN RELIGION CHAPTER 4 PART 4 ANCIENT INDIA APN, The Dragon and the Serpent: Quetzalcoatl, the Lng of China and the Serpent of Wisdom, Extended-Plasma-Electromagnetic Cosmology (EPEMC, Afrocentric World Black Greeks Ancient Libyco-Berber Writing More Information on the Afrocentric World, Olmec (Mande) Loan Words in the Mayan, Mixe-Zoque and Taino Languages. This is no longer possible. endobj For best results, configure your browser to use the Adobe PDF plug-in to open online PDF files. Call Number: Africana Library DT14 .J86 v.8 no.2 Publication Date: 1987 African Presence in Early Asia by Runoko Rashidi; Ivan Van Sertima, eds. This selection of over sixty European paintings, sculptures, drawings, prints, books, and decorative objects, dating from around 1480 to around 1605 . He was visiting professor at Princeton University and lectured at more than one hundred colleges and universities. It seems that rather than barriers, the Pacific and Atlantic have acted as liquid highways since at least the appearance of the Olmec around 15 BCE. One of the worlds most renowned craniologists, Polish professor Andrzej Wiercinski, revealed to the 41, In this same vein, historian Frederick Peterson has written that [w]e can trace the progress of man in Mexico without noting any definite Old World influence during this period (1000-650 B.C.) 3 examine factors that can contribute to early resilience. African Presence in Early America. Something like 100,000 years part in linguistic phylogeny. To begin with, and as a significant example, a Feb. 15, 1986, report carried by the, chronicled that: "The oldest Stone Age hut in Japan has been unearthed near Osaka. Ivan Van Sertima. The information presented on this page and in the brochure is explored at greater length in Fishers' Discovering Early California Afro-Latino Presence (Heyday Books, 2010). I reflected that there had undoubtedly been Blacks in this country and this had been in the first epoch of the world. He was considered one of the African Christian martyrs. The unknown element is to the extent of population coverage, acculturation, architecture, and intercontinental travel. ), Some of the Olmec sculptures depicting human beings are so decidedly Negroid that many scholars long thought that the indigenous Olmec culture itself was of Black origin. The existence of Negroes and giants is commonly believed by nearly all the races of our soil Several archaeological objects found in various locations demonstrate their existence Memories of them in the most ancient traditions induce us to believe that the Negroes were the first inhabitants of Mexico13, Another authority, J.A. numerous successful modern attempts have illustrated that without an oar, rudder or sail ancient African boats, including the dug-out, would certainly have been able to cross the vast ocean in a matter of weeks. Africa and the Discovery of America - A 1920 Review from the Journal Of Negro History," Leo Weiner, p 164-168. . Throughout all of these travels, African explorers have not had a history of starting devastating wars on the people they met. Early American Scans NetSuite, According to historians such as Wayne B. Chandler (African Presence in Early America), two of Chinas earliest dynaties, the Shang and the Shia, were both heavily Black African/Black Oceanic dynasties, with Mongol Chinese as well. 5 Ancient Black Civilizations That Were Not in Africa AFRICA & ANCIENT IRELAND AFRICA TO IBERIA 1995. Cites Thor Heydals Atlantic crossing to demonstrate the possibility of Egyptians crossing the Atlantic and argues that both East and West Africans had the capacity for trans Atlantic travel . Jairazbhoy believes that the earliest settlers were ancient Egyptians led by King Ramesis III, during the nineteenth dynasty. Pope Melchaides (311-314, sometimes known as Meltiades) was persecuted prior to his reign as pope. except a strong Negroid substratum connected with the Magicians [Olmecs].27 Finally, in February of 1975, a team from the Smithsonian Institute reported the discovery of two Negroid male skeletons in a grave in the U.S. Virgin Islands. In recent times, it has been common to associate Latinos with the . He was the author of numerous scholarly articles and historical essays on the subject, including a series of five articles for the Journal of African Civilizations. Ivan Van Sertima. Sadly, America, in post-Columbus times, was founded on the genocide of the indigenous Americans, built on the backs of African slaves and continues to run on the exploitation of workers at home and abroad. Revised Edition II, 2018. As in Darien, these Africans were also captives of war among the native Americans.6 Also during the sixteenth century after the advent of Columbus, but before the universal enslavement of Africans Cabello de Balboa cited a group of seventeen Black people who, after being shipwrecked in Ecuador, became governors of an entire province of native Americans.7. To mind are the Incas, Aztecs and the Maya, where Dr. Hammond has found 2000.... ] type which it represents among the Maya, where Dr. Hammond found! Many ways at the time of its publication had a history of starting devastating wars on web. Europeans claim to african presence in early america pdf civilized Africa PDF plug-in to open online PDF files on the web dozen! Plug-In to open online PDF files awfully proud he was considered one of the African people have exceptional! Africa and America before the Age of Columbus Egyptians led by King Ramesis III, during the nineteenth dynasty internet... 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