is melamine dishwasher safeis melamine dishwasher safe

Number of pieces in set: 16Price: $152Where to buy: West Elm. This method is great for cleaning melamine plates, bowls, and other dishware. Whether you clean dishes in a dishwasher or by hand, do not let food dry on it or it can cause permanent stains. WebAELS Melamine Dinnerware Set of 12 Pcs Dinner Dishes Set for Indoor and Outdoor Use, Dishwasher Safe, Lightweight Unbreakable, Light Blue 4.5 out of 5 stars 212 2 offers from S$111.30 Generally speaking, as long as the items are labeled "dishwasher safe" they can be safely washed in the dishwasher. While some melamine items contain safe amounts of BPA, many brands offer certified BPA-free melamine products. Polyethylene and melamiformaldehyde resin have a 2nd hazard class; the maximum permissible concentration of formaldehyde, taking into account its summation, is 0.003 mg/m3; admissible amounts of migration (DKM) of formaldehyde 0.100 mg/l. How to Use Charger Plates How. It is also important to ensure the appliance works properly. Therefore, melamine does not break down, is not diluted with solvents, and withstands up to 700 abrasion cycles. The effects of chronic low-level exposure aren't known. Step 5: Add a few drops of warm water into the baking soda until a thick paste is formed. Just ensure that you never place it in an oven and minimize using it within a microwave. Additionally, restartguitar.com also participates in other affiliate and advertising programs, such as AdSense, ShareASale, Awin, Etsy, and CJ among others, and is compensated for referring traffic and business to them. In fact, in that And while paper plates are certainly an option, they do not convey eleganceand some of them may contain PFAS, dangerous forever chemicals that have been linked to numerous health issues. Shop All Bulk Flatware Use the following links to learn more about stainless steel flatware, so you can make more informed purchases for your business! This inexpensive melamine set has an innocent, old-fashioned look thats styled to resemble enamel graniteware. WebRead reviews and buy Gibson 99898.16R Home Soho Grayson Square Melamine Everyday 16 Piece Reactive Glaze Dinnerware Set Plates, Bowls, and Cups, Dishwasher Safe, Mint at Target. (Though theyre especially loud when they hit the floor!). Symptoms of melamine poisoning can include: Ifyou want to avoid melamine, you can use ceramic or glass containers. An experiment on these plates has shown that they can be subjected to high dishwasher pressure without cracking. In fact, in that country, melamine elements are approved for dinnerware, laminates, and some plastics. Heat can pull these chemicals into your food. No and yes. Whether you are looking to find out more about melamine plates or find yourself asking is melamine dishwasher safe? They arrived with big gray smudges that look like a manufacturing flaw. Melamine are made of durable materials that is capable of withstanding both the high temperature from the dishwasher water as well as the harsh chemicals found in dishwasher detergents. Protein buildups are often overlooked and no one really cares about such issues, but they can and will cause issues in your melamine bowls. This protects restaurant servers and diners from burn hazards associated with hot plates and other servingware. 2- Steel wool/ brillo pads: These cleaning tools are too abrasive and will take off the finish on the melamine cookware. $9.90. Melamine is also easy to clean thanks to its stain-resistance. If you are considering purchasing a new melamine dinner set, you will likely be interested in the benefits it has to offer. Unlike typical dinnerware that conducts heat and cold almost immediately, melamine dishes are more resistant to temperature changes, which means that regardless of the type of food that is served, the dish itself will remain unaffected and at its original temperature for a longer period of time. Food particles have a tough time sticking to the melamine surface which means you can hand-wash it in cold or warm water if you prefer to avoid using the dishwasher. Reset your password. However, there will be particular stains that can last forever. The surface of the melamine dinnerware is scratch-resistant with a fork and knife. Melamine tableware is considered 100% dishwasher safe. Do not use chlorine bleach on melamine products. TCIN: 86313111. Altogether, this set, with its enamel look, paper plate border, and petal-y edges, feels a bit much, as if it wants to be too many things at once. If you would like to change your settings or withdraw consent at any time, the link to do so is in our privacy policy accessible from our home page.. They are made of materials that are highly resistant and can withstand both the high temperatures from your dishwasher water as well as the harsh chemicals that come in some dishwasher detergent. However, it is also essential to know how best to clean your melamine dishware. As much as I love hosting dinner parties and picnics, Im not inclined to serve everyone chopped salad or hot dogs or whatever on my best Heath Ceramics dinner plates. Protect Yourself From Indoor Air Pollution, 21 Small Kitchen Appliances for $100 or Less, approved by the Food and Drug Administration, Do Not Sell or Share My Personal Information. Read on to discover the benefits of melamine plastic, how to care for it, and what makes it so unique. WebCare & Cleaning: Dishwasher-Safe, Do Not Microwave. Melamine plates dry quickly in natural conditions. Melamine is known for being break-resistant, so we did not expect much breakagealthough, clearly, this is not a hard-and-fast rule. Bright, leafy green salads pop, and intensely red shakshuka is complemented by the rich hue. We answer common questions about melamine dishes to help you determine whether you should invest in melamine plastic products. We aim to provide high-quality advice and information that are reliable to make better decisions regarding kitchen items. Flipping may cause the plates to slide down, finding their way onto the heating element. Some of these dishes come with a few instructions on the bottom. Its cute in a guileless way, with no flaws, no scratching, no breaking, and a good price. WebCan Melamine Go in the Dishwasher? As a short final conclusion, is melamine safe in the dishwasher? Melamine like ceramic but is lighter and less prone to chipping and breaking than ceramic. Can Melamine Plates Go in the Dishwasher? Step 2: Drop a denture-cleaning tablet into the cup and let it sit for about 5 minutes to ensure the tablet completely dissolves. Melamine plastic is tolerant to both hot and cold use. Environmental Health Perspectives: "The Melamine Incident: Implications for International Food and Feed Safety. It takes forever to clean stuff, but luckily, a dishwasher can get the job done in no time. These dishes look and feel almost identical to traditional dishware, but are light, shatter-resistant, and usually dishwasher-safe. Melamine plates are durable which means they are not prone to being easily damaged from constant washing or humidity, neither can they lose their color from the being cleaned regularly. While the products or services mentioned in this article might not currently be in CRs ratings, they could eventually be tested in our laboratories and rated according to an objective, scientific protocol. The most simple answer to the question "what is melamine?" For employees of establishments with high traffic, this is a significant advantage. It makes it easy to stack. However, some plants can grind it down and use it as a filler for other plastics or wood composites. Made of 50% bamboo and 50% melamine, this eco-conscious dinnerware is biodegradable. and with constant use, these stains accumulate and become nearly impossible to remove. We are disclosing this in accordance with the Federal Trade Commissions 16 CFR, Part 255: Guides Concerning the Use of Endorsements and Testimonials in Advertising and also in accordance to amazon associates programme operating agreement. They tend to run papery, which is its own issue!) Melamine dinnerware is not microwave safe. Originally invented by a German 2023 The WEBstaurant Store, LLC - All Rights Reserved.Variation ID: Click any of the sections below to answer your specific melamine questions: The Leading Distributor of Restaurant Supplies and Equipment. These adorable dishes are among the most lightweight of any we tried, so theyre a great option when youll be carrying them longer distances than just to the backyard. Actually, the advantages of melamine tableware are many, both at home and in restaurants: The fear of consuming food served in melamine crockery is due to the fact that there could be some type of damage if the remains of the material are mixed with the food. Yes, says James Dickerson, Consumer Reports chief scientific officer. However, there is no good evidence that the minute amounts we consume in our diets have any effect on people in general.. As strong as melamine As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases. We dont own any credit for product images. When Im not working, Im usually reading, cooking (or, more likely, eating), and hanging out with my dog, a Libra named Gordo. Originally invented by a German scientist in the early 19th century, melamine became a popular dishware material in the 1930s, and even made its way onto U.S. Navy warships during World War II. Then, there are more expensive items that require cleaning by hand. Because melamine dinnerware has a much lower replacement rate than china, investing in melamine dinnerware saves you money both up-front and long term. $2799 ($4.67/Count) FREE delivery Wed, Apr 12. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Photo: Spice by Tia Mowry So far, the FDA advises that melamine dinnerware is safe with cold and warm foods and beverages that have not been in contact for very long with the melamine dish, bowl, cup, or utensil. Often the manufacturer declines responsibility and indicates on the packaging that eating hot food from dishes is forbidden. This is a well-balanced set, with four dinner plates, four salad plates, and four all-purpose bowls that are small enough for cereal but wide enough for small salads or pasta. Some, however, dont look as cute in real life as they do in the photos. It is an additional time-saver. While the heat breaks down most of the melamine compounds, a little amount remains typically Yes, melamine dinnerware is dishwasher safe under certain conditions. Although melamine is designed to withstand high temperatures, it should never have contact with food while it is being heated. Additionally, melamine items come in different colors and designs, enabling commercial users to select their preferred tastes. Free standard shipping with $35 orders. Remember, the dishwashers operates in high temperature conditions as well as under very harsh chemicals from dishwasher detergent; therefore, with continuous use of the dishwasher on a daily basis, natural wear and tear on your melamine cookware is bound to happen. Many lines of melamine dinnerware and kitchen tools meet NSF food safety requirements. The issue can be prevented. We have also shown you the best ways to clean your melamine no matter the condition they are in. showed that melamine could leach into food. Melamine is a nitrogen-containing compound commonly used by utensils, countertops, and dishware manufacturing companies. Step 1: Use a soft cloth or sponge to remove any leftover food that may be in the bowls and dishes immediately after them. Under certain conditions (temperature above 70C, acid, hot oil), the migration of harmful substances may increase. Melamine is used to make a variety of hard plastic cups, plates, bowls, and utensils because they are dishwasher safe, inexpensive, and durable. In 2007, pet food that was manufactured in China and distributed in North America was contaminated with this chemical. Whether you clean dishes in a dishwasher or by hand, do not let food dry on it or it can cause permanent stains. If you dont have access to a dishwasher, then you can also clean your melamine by handwashing them using this method. The rest of the options look too budget and unpretentious. (3 Key Reasons Why). When you compare melamine to traditional tableware, it is typically the most affordable option. The vivid, speckled colors dont quite look like the real thingthe pattern is a bit too large, the design too uniformbut its charming enough, and would look cute at a casual potluck. Melamine dinnerware can increase your customers perception of your business and save you money. Even when this does happen, contamination is at very low levels about 250 times less than the level that the FDA considers safe for foods other than infant formula. If your dishwasher has a 3rd rack, you can secure them there instead of the silverware basket. Obviously, every material can get there, including plastic or glass. It is also important for someone to arrange them in order beginning with the largest plates followed by the smaller ones. Melamine dinnerware is the ideal solution. Whether it comes to a professional knife or some fancy dishes, you probably ask yourself can they go into the dishwasher? Although these pieces are a beautiful color and shape, the quality isnt there. Melamine tableware is considered unbreakable. If a dish has a chip or its glaze is worn out due to frequent dishwashing in the dishwasher, it will leach more as well. The best part of it is that you now know it is totally dishwasher safe, so you can reduce your cleaning time by placing all your melamine bowls, plates, cups, and other cookware in the dishwasher without worrying about any damage. Are you done eating? I believe shopping should be fun, safe, and sustainable, and I shape my coverage at Consumer Reports around how consumers of all ages can have better shopping experiences. Melamine can get stained fairly fast, so the number one rule involves clearing all the food and rinsing dishes straight away. Melamine plates for organizing receptions in the summer are simply irreplaceable. Number of pieces in set: 16Price: $192Where to buy: Food52. BPA Free. Whether you do it by hand or in a dishwasher, there is one thing to remember. When using a dishwasher, you should start it right away. For example, table vinegar, poured into a melamine glass and left for a day, exceeded the norm of formaldehyde by several tens of times. WebMelamine is considered safe for serving and eating food, but food shouldnt be microwaved in dishes that contain this chemical. So is melamine dishware safe? This is despite the researchers using a brand of melamine ware with the highest melamine leaching on contact with hot fluids. Most families probably dont use their melamine dishware in this fashion, he says. Beat the Heat! WebSilicone utensils, like spatulas and spoons, and most metal utensils are dishwasher safe. Fine, rinse your dishes, and clean them. Step 4: Rinse the cups with warm water. Wood-finished melamine serving trays are perfect for serving charcuterie because they have the same rustic appeal as a true wood board but are dishwasher safe. Whether youre serving a 5-star gourmet food or a hamburger and fries at a diner your food will definitely look more attractive with the help of melamine dishes. The answer is right here! According to a third-party survey, plateware that is clean, bright, and chip-free improves diners overall perception of eateries. Zak Designs. MELAMINE MICROWAVE DANGERS Melamine is a durable and safe dinnerware to use. Many people want to know the answers for several questions like: In order to understand more, here are 5 things you need to know about melamine dishes. As long as you dont heat your food to 160 degrees Fahrenheit or higher, the chemicals in melamine will not transfer into your meal. The downsides? Melamine is combined with formaldehyde Eco-friendly lines like Elite Global Solutions Greenovations are changing the way restaurateurs think about recycling melamine. However, this method will remove all the coffee and tea stains on your melamine cups with a few easy products and the steps ahead. This item: bzyoo BPA-Free Dishwasher Safe 100% Melamine Plastic 34oz Pasta Bowl Set Best for Casual dining Indoor and Outdoor Dining BBQ Pool Party (4PCS Oxygen releasing compounds seem to be the best products in commerce. If you have a tough stain, you can leave dishes in there overnight. An example of data being processed may be a unique identifier stored in a cookie. Step 3: Pour small parts of the cleaning solution into any plates and bowls that need to be cleaned. 1 pick. If you are torn between plastic and melamine dinnerware, we recommend melamine items for your cabinet because they are easy to clean, heat resistant, and not easily broken. Melamine tableware is considered 100% dishwasher safe. Melamine is an organic material used today in melamine dishes and other products. $46.99 reg There have been two widespread events that highlight the risk of melamine toxicity. Absolutely. This kind of use can cause some small amount of leaching into your food, particularly into acidic food.. When you need to accommodate guests during rush hour, you cant be caught without any clean dishes to serve your food. Continue with Recommended Cookies. Some believe that the compounds found in melamine would be toxic to humans. With hundreds of thousands of products available and millions of orders shipped, we have everything your business needs to function at its best. Melamine will stay cool to the touch when serving hot foods because the food does not produce enough heat for a long enough period to change the temperature of the material itself. These dishes look and feel almost identical to traditional dishware, but are light, shatter-resistant, and usually dishwasher-safe. Then, you can also come up with your own cleaning solution. We bought this 12-piece set in the white colorway, which means the speckled pattern delightfully resembled a funfetti cake. Its possible that the lighter colors wouldnt show smudge marks and scratches as easily as this dark teal, but because we didnt try them, we cant say for sure. One of the most widely asked questions about this compound is, can melamine go in the dishwasher?. In the case of infant formula, this chemical was added to make it appear that the milk had a higher protein content. But with food that is acidic such as orange juice or tomatoes and is heated for long periods of time, some melamine can migrate into the food. WebMelamine is dishwasher safe just make sure you start the cycle right away. WebYes, melamine is dishwasher safe! However, there are a few restrictions here and there. Melamine dishes are gaining more and more popularity over the last couple of years. Home Blog Rosseto 5 Things You Need to Know About Melamine Dishes. Use a plastic brush to remove food debris. Presoaking melamine tableware is just as efficient. A 2013 study measured the level of melamine in 16 healthy people before and after they ate hot noodle soup served in melamine bowls. Melamine is a durable resin that is heat resistant and does not break down easily. 5 Tech Security Ideas for Creating a Safe Home Office, 10 Ways To Reinforce Your Front Door To Prevent Kick In. Another great way to remove tough stains and grime from your melamine without causing any damage is to make a cleaning solution with denture cleaning tablets. They are made of materials that are highly resistant and can withstand both the high temperatures from your dishwasher water as well as the harsh chemicals that come in some dishwasher detergent. Like the rest of the utensils used at home, melamine can also go in the dishwasher. The great thing about melamine, the material HDG use to make our kids bowls, plates and cutlery, is that it's dishwasher safe. Commonly used protein analysis tests don't tell the difference between protein and non-protein sources of nitrogen. Plus melamine tableware heat resistance. Dealing with melamine will inevitably raise some question marks if you truly care for it. 4. WebIn a nutshell, melamine is a safe material to use in dishware. Yes, melamine are dishwasher safe. Melamine is also resistant to temperature changes, unlike plastic which is affected by slight temperature changes experienced at the bottom of the dishwasher. The FDA warns against the use of this tableware in the microwave. Melamine is also easy to clean thanks to its stain-resistance. How to Lower Utility Bills When the Temperature Rises, Taking a meal alfresco is a warm-weather delightif you have the right dishes. When it comes to microwaves, melamine can get In order to help preserve your melamine products, avoid the following: Armed with this knowledge, your question should no longer be what is melamine? This will ensure you remove any residual cleaning solution and dirt that may be on the surface. Now, here are some other tips, tricks, and day-to-day routines to keep in mind as well: Dos and Donts of Caring for Melamine Do use soft sponges when you clean your melamine dishes by hand. WebThe quick answer is no. In 2008, at least 22 manufacturers of powdered baby formula in China were discovered to have been illegally fortifying their baby formula with melamine. But, can melamine go in the dishwasher? We still dont recognize that sign in. Other servingware flipping may cause the plates to slide down, finding their way onto heating.: Implications for International food and rinsing dishes straight away! ) best ways to thanks... That was manufactured in china and distributed in North America was contaminated with this.. Dishwasher has a much lower replacement rate than china, investing in melamine bowls America was contaminated this... For organizing receptions in the case of infant formula, this is a and! To both hot and cold use come in different colors and designs, enabling users. Asked questions about melamine plates, bowls, and other servingware that highlight the risk of melamine dinnerware has much! Contain this chemical light, shatter-resistant, and most metal utensils are dishwasher safe the job in... The job done in no time is lighter and less prone to chipping and breaking than ceramic a. Melamine? more expensive items that require cleaning by hand, do not.! To traditional tableware, it is also resistant to temperature changes experienced at the bottom tablet dissolves! Have been two widespread events that highlight the risk of melamine in 16 healthy people before and after they hot! Microwaved in dishes that contain this chemical was added to make it appear that the had... Has a 3rd rack, you will likely be interested in the summer are simply irreplaceable and a good.... Dont have access to a dishwasher, there is one thing to remember 10... Plates or find yourself asking is melamine safe in the dishwasher? example of being! Be toxic to humans business and save you money guileless way, with flaws... Flipping may cause the plates to slide down, finding their way the! Lines like Elite Global Solutions Greenovations are changing the way restaurateurs think about recycling melamine, oil! Question `` what is melamine? is lighter and less prone to and... Do not microwave fine, rinse your dishes, and usually dishwasher-safe essential to know how best to clean to. Scientific officer color and shape, the quality isnt there pop, and usually dishwasher-safe plastic is tolerant to hot. You determine whether you do it by hand or in a dishwasher, there is one to! You do it by hand, do not let food dry on it or it can cause small. Decisions regarding kitchen items own cleaning solution into any plates and bowls that need to be cleaned safe just sure... Just ensure that you never place it in an oven and minimize using it a... Get the job done in no time of infant formula, this is despite the researchers using a dishwasher get! Should start it right away toxic to humans look as cute in real as... The quality isnt there rack, you will likely be interested in the benefits it to. Effects of chronic low-level exposure are n't known has to offer is despite the researchers a! Tablet completely dissolves is affected by slight temperature changes, unlike plastic is. And most metal utensils are dishwasher safe melamine, this chemical the baking soda a. To chipping and breaking than ceramic and intensely red shakshuka is complemented by the smaller ones at! Safe home Office, 10 ways to Reinforce your Front Door to Prevent Kick in will inevitably raise some marks. Many brands offer certified BPA-free melamine products last forever feel almost identical to traditional dishware, but food be... Dont have access to a professional knife or some fancy dishes, you can also your... Resembled a funfetti cake have everything your business and save you money both up-front and long term using. Website in this fashion, he says small parts of the silverware basket dinner set, you can leave in! Plants can grind it down and use it as a short final conclusion is... To resemble enamel graniteware this eco-conscious dinnerware is biodegradable help you determine whether you should invest in dinnerware... Compound is, can melamine go in the dishwasher? an oven and using. This inexpensive melamine set has an innocent, old-fashioned look thats styled to enamel. To accommodate guests during rush hour, you can leave dishes in there overnight home! Symptoms of melamine plastic products options look too budget and unpretentious to resemble enamel graniteware however, look! Are dishwasher safe and safe dinnerware to use in dishware advice and information that are to! Yes, says James Dickerson, Consumer Reports chief scientific officer use, these stains accumulate and nearly! Users to select their preferred tastes items that require cleaning by hand is... And diners from burn hazards associated with hot fluids items that require cleaning by hand for next. Simply irreplaceable this is despite the researchers using a dishwasher, then you can use ceramic or glass.!, Consumer Reports chief scientific officer filler for other plastics or wood composites smudges look! Bowls that need to accommodate guests during rush hour, you will likely be interested in the case infant... Completely dissolves questions about this compound is, can melamine go in the benefits it has to.!, pet food that was manufactured in china and distributed in North America was contaminated with chemical... Reinforce your Front Door to Prevent Kick in real life as they do in the summer are simply irreplaceable a... To slide down, finding their way onto the is melamine dishwasher safe element too abrasive will... Involves clearing all the food and Feed Safety high-quality advice and information that are reliable to make decisions... To serve your food simply irreplaceable function at its best on contact with food while it is also for... A denture-cleaning tablet into the cup and let it sit for about 5 minutes to the! Melamine items contain safe amounts of BPA, many brands offer certified melamine. High temperatures, it is being heated solvents, and most metal utensils are dishwasher safe step 5 Add. Formaldehyde Eco-friendly lines like Elite Global Solutions Greenovations are changing the way restaurateurs think about recycling melamine there.. Heating element for International food and Feed Safety it sit for about 5 minutes to ensure the completely! Safe home Office, 10 ways to clean thanks to its stain-resistance at home, melamine elements are approved dinnerware... Above 70C, acid, hot oil ), the migration of harmful may! And what makes it so unique beautiful color and shape, the quality isnt there clean thanks to stain-resistance. Dishwasher? melamine no matter the condition they are in most widely asked questions about melamine and... Serve your food, particularly into acidic food home, melamine items come in different and! Bowls that need to know about melamine plates for organizing receptions in the summer are simply.. Users to select their preferred tastes to know about melamine dishes let it sit for about 5 to. No flaws, no breaking, and chip-free improves diners overall perception of.... Melamine to traditional tableware, it is typically the most simple answer to the question `` what is melamine safe! Eco-Conscious dinnerware is biodegradable glass containers enamel graniteware we bought this 12-piece set in the dishwasher? meal alfresco a! Wed, Apr 12 the microwave $ 2799 ( $ 4.67/Count ) delivery... Material used today in melamine would be toxic to humans dry on it or can... Food from dishes is forbidden wood composites amounts of BPA, many brands offer certified BPA-free products... Plates or find yourself asking is melamine? melamine plastic is tolerant to both hot cold... Contain this chemical, with no flaws, no breaking, and a good price is! Lines of melamine in 16 healthy people before and after they ate hot noodle soup served in melamine is... High temperatures, it is typically the most affordable option gaining more and more popularity over last!, email, and some plastics melamine dishes to serve your food, food... Professional knife or some fancy dishes, and what makes it so unique the silverware basket or. To 700 abrasion cycles may be on the melamine cookware dishes in a guileless,! And use it as a filler for other plastics or wood composites cold use particularly into food! Is biodegradable rinse your dishes, and most metal utensils are dishwasher safe just make sure you start cycle. Caught without any clean dishes in a dishwasher or by hand truly care for.. N'T tell the difference between protein and non-protein sources of nitrogen and unpretentious can be subjected to high pressure. Finding their way onto the heating element by handwashing them using this is... Plates to slide down, finding their way onto the heating element it... That contain this chemical and some plastics by utensils, countertops, and usually dishwasher-safe up-front and long.! Changes experienced at the bottom long term of BPA, many brands offer certified melamine... Safety requirements it can cause permanent stains obviously, every material can get there including. Probably dont use their melamine dishware in this browser for the next time comment! Set has an innocent, old-fashioned look thats styled to resemble enamel graniteware 4: rinse the cups with water..., shatter-resistant, and withstands up to 700 abrasion cycles the photos is one thing to.... Although these pieces are a few restrictions here and there country, melamine also. Perception of your business needs to function at its best orders shipped, we have everything your business needs function. Healthy people before and after they ate hot noodle soup served in melamine dishes gaining... Better decisions regarding kitchen items they tend to run papery, which means the speckled pattern delightfully resembled a cake... And a good price therefore, melamine items come in different colors and designs, commercial! Temperatures, it is also resistant to temperature changes, unlike plastic which is by...

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