The guild was one of the most significant institutions of south India and merchants organised themselves into guilds. [b] There are also brief references to the Chola country and its towns, ports and commerce in the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea (Periplus Maris Erythraei), and in the slightly later work of the geographer Ptolemy. Even the northern forces were seen intervening. They ruled a significantly larger area at the height of their power from the later half of the 9th century till the beginning of the 13th century. [85] The Pandyas in the south had risen to the rank of a great power who ultimately banished the Hoysalas from Malanadu or Kannada country, who were allies of the Cholas from Tamil country and the demise of the Cholas themselves ultimately was caused by the Pandyas in 1279. A number of villages constituted a larger entity known as a kurram, nadu or kottam, depending on the area. The best known of these were the Manigramam and Ayyavole guilds who followed the conquering Chola armies. It is quite an aesthetically pleasing name. But few know about this remarkable civilisation, which was among the world's longest-ruling, but today remains largely forgotten. The cholo subculture originated in the barrio (neighbourhood) street gangs of Southern California. Many diseases were cured by the doctors of the hospital, which was under the control of a chief physician who was paid annually 80 Kalams of paddy, 8 Kasus and a grant of land. [112], Justice was mostly a local matter in the Chola Empire; minor disputes were settled at the village level. However, this invasion gravely weakened the Srivijayan hegemony and enabled the formation of regional kingdoms. During the reign of Rajaraja CholaI and his successors Rajendra CholaI, Virarajendra Chola and Kulothunga CholaI the Chola armies invaded Sri Lanka, the Maldives and parts of Southeast Asia like Malaysia, Indonesia and Southern Thailand[70] of the Srivijaya Empire in the 11th century. [citation needed], In continuation of the decline, also marked by the resurgence of the Pandyan dynasty as the most powerful rulers in South India, a lack of a controlling central administration in its erstwhile-Pandyan territories prompted a number of claimants to the Pandya throne to cause a civil war in which the Sinhalas and the Cholas were involved by proxy. [citation needed]. 4 /5. It is quite a satirical name. Chola Dynasty (9th-13th Century) The Cholas formed one of three ruling families in Tamil-speaking south India during the first two centuries CE. The Chola dynasty was a Tamil thalassocratic empire of southern India and one of the longest-ruling dynasties in world history. Casper (Persian origin) means 'one who brings the treasure'. Difficult. And you can't deny that it is an adorable name. It only has two syllables and is easy to pronounce as well. [29][d] Urayur (now a part of Thiruchirapalli) was their oldest capital. Chola rulers used the symbol of a tiger as their royal emblem. Check your inbox for your latest news from us. The Cholas (8th-12th century AD) are remembered as one of the longest ruling dynasties in the southern regions of India. The Chola Empire, though not as strong as between 850 and 1150, was still largely territorially intact under Rajaraja CholaII (11461175) a fact attested by the construction and completion of the third grand Chola architectural marvel, the chariot-shaped Airavatesvara Temple at Dharasuram on the outskirts of modern Kumbakonam. Please note: prices are correct and items are available at the time the article was published. Subscribe for virtual tools, STEM-inspired play, creative tips and more. Later medieval Cholas also claimed a long and ancient lineage. Uraiyur (now Tiruchchirappalli) was its oldest capital. [3] The Chola kings were avid builders and envisioned the temples in their kingdoms not only as places of worship but also as centers of economic activity. We strive to recommend the very best things that are suggested by our community and are things we would do ourselves - our aim is to be the trusted friend to parents. Very difficult. [64] Cholas always successfully controlled the Chalukyas in the western Deccan by defeating them in war and levying tribute on them. Welcome to the NicknameDB entry on chola dynasty nicknames! Through these dependent officials the administration was improved and the Chola kings were able to exercise a closer control over the different parts of the empire. During the period of Rajaraja III, the Hoysalas sided with the Cholas and defeated the Kadava chieftain Kopperunjinga and the Pandyas and established a presence in the Tamil country. Sara (Hebrew origin) is a beautiful name meaning 'princess'. During the period of 10101153 CE, the Chola territories stretched from the Maldives in the south to the banks of the Godavari River in Andhra Pradesh as the northern limit. The metal industries and the jewellers art had reached a high degree of excellence. We try our very best, but cannot guarantee perfection. [143][141], Hospitals were maintained by the Chola kings, whose government gave lands for that purpose. Tanjore (now Thanjavur) became the Chola capital. Aadhishakti - Goddess Parvati 8. The Hoysalas, under Vira Someswara, were quick to intervene and this time they sided with the Pandyas and repulsed the Cholas in order to counter the latter's revival. Until the 13th century AD, the dynasty ruled over a variety of territories.The Cholas (Colas) began in the fertile valley of the Kaveri River, but at their peak from the late 9th century to the early . [38] At its peak, the Chola Empire stretched from the northern parts of Sri Lanka in the south to the Godavari-Krishna river basin in the north, up to the Konkan coast in Bhatkal, the entire Malabar Coast (the Chea country) in addition to Lakshadweep, and Maldives. La Morenita is quite a common name used mostly by Spanish and American people to refer to a girl or woman who is dusky and has long black hair. [60] Rajendra's territories included the area falling on the Ganges-Hooghly-Damodar basin,[61] as well as Rajarata of Sri Lanka and Maldives. Report as inappropriate. [224] However, according to "Koil Olugu" (temple records) of the Srirangam temple, Kulottunga Chola II was the son of Krimikanta Chola. His son Rajendra Chola further expanded the Cholar territory by sending a victorious expedition to North India that touched the river Ganges and defeating the Pala ruler of Pataliputra, Mahipala. [3] The power and the prestige the Cholas had among political powers in South, Southeast, and East Asia at its peak is evident through their expeditions to the Ganges, naval raids on cities of the Srivijaya empire based on the island of Sumatra, and their repeated embassies to China. Bubbles (English origin) are used to refer to girls who are awfully cheerful and enthusiastic about even the tiniest of things. [39][41], Around the 7th century, a Chola kingdom flourished in present-day Andhra Pradesh. La morra has a beautiful meaning which is 'a bitter ocean'. Kidadl is supported by you, the reader. This is quite a short and easy-to-pronounce name. Uyyakondan canal, Rajendran vaykkal, Sembian Mahadegvi vaykkal. There is no evidence that Rajendra was followed immediately by another Chola prince. The market structure and economic policies of the Chola dynasty were more conducive to a large-scale, cross-regional market trade than those enacted by the Chinese Song Dynasty. As an Amazon Associate, Kidadl earns from qualifying purchases. [c], The earliest Chola kings for whom there is tangible evidence are mentioned in the Sangam literature. Tamil traders encroached on the Srivijayan realm traditionally controlled by Malay traders and the Tamil guilds' influence increased on the Malay Peninsula and north coast of Sumatra. The earliest datable references to the Chola are from inscriptions dated to the 3rd century BCE during the reign of Ashoka of the Maurya Empire.As one of the Three Crowned Kings of Tamilakam, along with the Chera and Pandya, the dynasty continued to govern over . In its heyday, the Chola dynasty was one of the greatest empires in the world. By joining Kidadl you agree to Kidadls Terms of Use and Privacy Policy and consent to receiving marketing communications from Kidadl. [110] Punishment for minor crimes were in the form of fines or a direction for the offender to donate to some charitable endowment. [106], The order of the King was first communicated by the executive officer to the local authorities. [113], The Chola dynasty had a robust military, of which the king was the supreme commander. [7], The Cholas succeeded in building the greatest thalassocratic empire in the history of India, thereby leaving a lasting legacy. The reign of the Cholas began in the 9th century when they defeated the Pallavas to come into power. The annual floods in the Kaveri marked an occasion for celebration, known as Adiperukku, in which the whole nation took part. [211], Of the devotional literature, the arrangement of the Shaivite canon into eleven books was the work of Nambi Andar Nambi, who lived close to the end of the 10th century. Niche- These are characteristic architectural designs of Chola temples carved in temple walls. Parantaka I also defeated the Rashtrakuta dynasty under Krishna II in the battle of Vallala. See the popularity of the baby girl's name Chola over time, plus its meaning, origin, common sibling names, and more in BabyCenter's Baby Names tool. . (8 votes) Very easy. [121] Kallar served in the armies of the Chola kings. [74] Chola invasion ultimately failed to install direct administration over Srivijaya, since the invasion was short and only meant to plunder the wealth of Srivijaya. [citation needed], Kaveripoompattinam on the coast near the Kaveri delta was a major port town. The best example of this can be seen in the form of Nataraja the Divine Dancer. This work is in a sense a national epic of the Tamil people because it treats of the lives of the saints who lived in all parts of Tamil Nadu and belonged to all classes of society, men and women, high and low, educated and uneducated. The development of the specific sculpturing technique used in the 'Chola bronzes', exquisite bronze sculptures of Hindu deities built in a lost wax process was pioneered in their time. During his rule, the Chola Empire was beset by upheaval, including invasions by the Hoysala Dynasty . Ayushka - Refers to life 4. The medieval Kalingathu Parani text, which celebrates the victory of Kulothunga Chola I and his general in the battle for Kalinga, describes the practice in detail. Due to the lack of a legislature or a legislative system in the modern sense, the fairness of king's orders dependent on his morality and belief in Dharma. [82][91] In the early 16th century, Virasekhara Chola, king of Tanjore rose out of obscurity and plundered the dominions of the then Pandya prince in south. [38][e] The Cholas continued to rule over a diminished territory in the neighbourhood of Uraiyur, but only in a minor capacity. Avira - The one who is brave and strong 6. [4] The Chola fleet represented the zenith of ancient Indian maritime capacity. [39] These Telugu Cholas traced their descent to the early Sangam Cholas. There was a well-developed and highly efficient system of water management from the village level upwards. Of course, troubles! Art & Culture: Kidadl cannot accept liability for the execution of these ideas, and parental supervision is advised at all times, as safety is paramount. The dynasty originated in the rich Kaveri (Cauvery) River valley. [125] The founder of the Hoysala Dynasty was Nripa Kama II who reigned from 1026 CE to 1047 CE. You have subscribed to: Remember that you can always manage your preferences or unsubscribe through the link at the foot of each newsletter. They utilised the wealth earned through their extensive conquests in building long-lasting stone temples and exquisite bronze sculptures, in an almost exclusively Hindu cultural setting.. The government at this time had a large land revenue department, consisting of several tiers, which was largely concerned with maintaining accounts. However, these were only temporary setbacks, because immediately following the accession of king Vikrama Chola, the son and successor of Kulothunga CholaI, the Cholas lost no time in recovering the province of Vengi by defeating Chalukya Someshvara III and also recovering Gangavadi from the Hoysalas. Isabella (Hebrew origin) means 'devotion to god'. Thus, this period saw constant warfare between the Cholas and the Pandyas. During the reign of Rajaraja Chola I, the state initiated a massive project of land survey and assessment and there was a reorganisation of the empire into units known as valanadus. Guadalupe (Spanish origin) has a beautiful meaning 'mother of god'. The guilds described sometimes by the terms nanadesis were a powerful autonomous corporation of merchants which visited different countries in the course of their trade. . But people also believe that this name was inspired by Valentine's Day. It is specifically a name used for girls. Best Cholo Names. Thus the Chola empire was completely overshadowed by the Pandyan empire and sank into obscurity by the end of the 13th century and until period of the Vijayanagara empire. It is mostly popular for naming girls. [140] The vellan-vagai was the ordinary ryotwari village of modern times, having direct relations with the government and paying a land-tax liable to revision from time to time. Around 1118, they lost control of Vengi to the Western Chalukya and Gangavadi (southern Mysore districts) to the Hoysala Empire. However, this is more of a direction to the Shaivite community by its religious heads than any kind of dictat by a Chola emperor. She had an elder brother - Aditha Chola II, and a younger brother - Raja Raja cholan I. Kundavai married Vallavaraiyan Vandiyadevan, a member of the Bana Dynasty, a feudatory of the Cholas mentioned in the Tanjore inscriptions. The water tanks that came up during the Chola period are too many to be listed here. 1. Moreover, under Chola's protection, Veng remained largely independent. The last Chalukya king's territories did not even include the erstwhile Chalukyan capitals Badami, Manyakheta or Kalyani. It can be considered an iteration of the name Elizabeth. cholo, feminine form chola, a young person who participates in or identifies with Mexican American gang subculture. [47][48] Thanjavur became the capital of the Imperial Chola Dynasty. It can be considered an iteration of Sophia or Sophie. A. L. Frothingham, Jr. Kal: The Journal of Indian Art History Congress, The Congress, 1995, p.31, ndia: The Most Dangerous Decades by Selig S. Harrison p.31. Troubles is quite a self-explanatory name. Apart from the doctors, other remunerated staff included a nurse, barber (who performed minor operations) and a waterman. Chola Dynasty: Origin. The rule by Cholas stretched over 5 long centuries until the . [198] Commentaries were written on the great text Tolkppiyam which deals with grammar but which also mentions ethics of warfare. A beautiful girl: Kotravai: Goddess of Victory: Kundhavai: A great woman who was the elder sister of Rajaraja chola, the great. [122], The Chola navy was the zenith of ancient India sea power. Candy (English origin) is used to refer to girls who are always nice and have sweet behavior. However, after defeating Veera Ballala II, Kulottunga Chola III entered into a marital alliance with him through Ballala's marriage to a Chola princess, which improved the Kulottunga Chola III relationship with Hoysalas.[65][i]. [147] The encouragement by the Chola court furthered the expansion of Tamil merchant associations such as the Ayyavole and Manigramam guilds into Southeast Asia and China. Temper is quite a self-explanatory name. Moderate. . The assessment and collection of revenue were undertaken by corporate bodies such as the ur, nadu, sabha, nagaram and sometimes by local chieftains who passed the revenue to the centre. Two fascinating details caught my eye: the first was the presence of women bodyguards and throne guards in the Chola empire. [205][206] The Tamil poet Ottakuttan was a contemporary of KulothungaI and served at the courts of three of Kulothunga's successors. Your privacy is important to us. [195][196][197] The grammarian Buddhamitra wrote a text on Tamil grammar called Virasoliyam. Abhinava Dandi Ketana wrote Dasakumaracharitramu, Vijnaneswaramu and Andhra Bhashabhushanamu. "Chola" redirects here. Huera literally means 'blonde'. Often, nicknames come from things about the person that stand out such as their hair, height, or personality. Plot. [132] The weavers had their own residential sector in all towns. Other famous lakes of this period are Madurantakam, Sundra-cholapereri, Kundavai-Pereri (after a Chola queen). However, the rule of the later Cholas between 1218, starting with Rajaraja CholaII, to the last emperor Rajendra CholaIII was not as strong as those of the emperors between 850 and 1215. The Chola Dynasty was founded by Vijayalaya Chola, after defeating the Pallavas in the 8th century. Kadal Pura is set during the period when Kulothunga CholaI was in exile from the Vengi kingdom after he was denied the throne. Cruz (Iberian origin) means the 'Christian cross'. [104], Before the reign of Rajaraja Chola I huge parts of the Chola territory were ruled by hereditary lords and local princes who were in a loose alliance with the Chola rulers. However, there were reports of widespread famine caused by natural calamities. For example, the great temple complex at Prambanan in Indonesia exhibit a number of similarities with the South Indian architecture. It is quite a common name for babies in Mexico. Perez is quite a beautiful name that means 'to blossom'. [209], Nannul is a Chola era work on Tamil grammar. During the Chola period they had predominant trading and military roles. [28], While the Cholas did build their largest and most important temple dedicated to Shiva, it can be by no means concluded that either they were followers of Shaivism only or that they were not favourably disposed to other faiths. The temples from this era and their writings are still used as evidence today. [166], There was tremendous agrarian expansion during the rule of the imperial Chola dynasty (c.9001270 AD) all over Tamil Nadu and particularly in the Kaveri Basin. 10/20/2011. Ayoti - Denotes hopes for the future 5. Smiley, Joker, Clumsy, Shy Girl. In 1257 the Pandyan conquered the Chola country and after a long rule the Chola Dynasty collapsed in 1279. [187][188][189] Among the existing specimens in museums around the world and in the temples of South India may be seen many fine figures of Shiva in various forms, such as Vishnu and his consort Lakshmi, and the Shaivite saints. April 7, 2023. In the early 21st century, some of its stylistic elements were . [24] Kaveripattinam also served as an early Chola capital. "After the second Pandya War, Kulottunga undertook a campaign to check to the growth of Hoysala power in that quarter. [241], There were stage productions based on the life of Rajaraja Chola during the 1950s and in 1973 Sivaji Ganesan acted in a screen adaptation of a play titled Rajaraja Cholan. Contribution (s) Vijayalaya Chola. Enrol to StudyIQ's Flagship UPSC IAS (Pre + Mains) LIVE Foundation Batch 9. [j] Roman ships found their way into these ports. It is quite a beautiful name that is inspired by faith and spirituality. The narrative unfolds over a thousand years ago during the reign of the Chola Empire. Kalki had used the confusion in the succession to the Chola throne after the demise of Parantaka CholaII. Silent is generally used to refer to people who don't talk much. It had four elements, comprising the cavalry, the elephant corps, several divisions of infantry and a navy. Marital and political alliances between the Eastern Chalukyas began during the reign of Rajaraja following his invasion of Vengi. [47] The kingdoms along the east coast of India up to the river Ganges acknowledged Chola suzerainty. [46] Vijayalaya, possibly a feudatory of the Pallava dynasty, took an opportunity arising out of a conflict between the Pandya dynasty and Pallava dynasty in c.850, captured Thanjavur from Muttarayar, and established the imperial line of the medieval Chola Dynasty. It speculates the whereabouts of Kulothunga during this period. The temple was built from 685-705AD by a Rajasimha ruler of the Pallava Dynasty. Margarita (Greek origins) is a version of Margaret which means 'child of light'. The Chola rulers issued their coins in gold, silver and copper. It is quite an adorable name for girls. [86], The Pandyas steadily routed both the Hoysalas and the Cholas. [103] According to Kathleen Gough, during the Chola period the Vellalar were the "dominant secular aristocratic caste providing the courtiers, most of the army officers, the lower ranks of the kingdom's bureaucracy, and the upper layer of the peasantry". Another very large lake of this period, which even today seems an important source of irrigation was the Viranameri near Kattumannarkoil in South Arcot district founded by Parantaka Chola. The former, unlike his father, is said to have been a repentant son who supported vaishnavism. The fortifications were mostly made up of bricks but other materials like stone, wood and mud were also used. His successor, the last great Chola monarch Kulottunga Chola III reinforced the hold of the Chola territories by quelling further rebellions and disturbances in the Rajarata area of Sri Lanka and Madurai. The king then granted the management of the Ranganathaswamy temple to Dasarathi and his descendants as per the wish of Ramanuja. Sofa is quite a popular baby name across the globe. [23], The Sangam literature also records legends about mythical Chola kings. Chola records cite many works, including the Rajarajesvara Natakam, Viranukkaviyam and Kannivana Puranam. The Kidadl Team is made up of people from different walks of life, from different families and backgrounds, each with unique experiences and nuggets of wisdom to share with you. Your latest news from us of parantaka CholaII parantaka I also defeated the Rashtrakuta Dynasty under Krishna II the! Were settled at the foot of each newsletter an adorable name ; Flagship. 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