hidden colors misinformation

HIDDEN COLORS- correcting the misinformation PT 1 - YouTube Tariq had no bad intent and meant no harm. For each article, I calculated measures of cognitive effort (readability and perplexity) and evocation to emotions (sentiment analysis and appeal to morality). 109114. Dave Cullen, a decorated journalist, wrote Columbine over a period of ten years with the intention of "setting [the facts] right.". Too many leaders and influencers, including politicians, journalists, intellectuals, and academics, surrender to the cognitive bias of assessing the world through anecdotes and images rather than data and facts, says Steven Pinker, Johnstone Family Professor of Psychology. (2012). Thus, the results contribute to the explainability of the misinformation characteristics to better target interventions by providing evidence that these differences are important and that they can be counter-balanced with higher media literacy. Trend Cogn Sci 7(10):454459, Fowler JH, Christakis NA (2009) Dynamic spread of happiness in a large social network: longitudinal analysis over 20 years in the Framingham Heart Study. The term "fake news" describes a range of false information that can be separated into three distinct types: misinformation, disinformation and mal-information. to complain about the story. Similarly, tweets with negative content are retweeted more rapidly and frequently than positive or neutral tweets (Tsugawa & Ohsaki, 2017) and sentiment rather than the actual information content predicts engagement (Matalon et al., 2021). Misinformation in Canada. Tattrie, J. IEEE Comput Intell Magaz 15(1):6475, Article These findings set the stage for later work that tied belief in misinformation to a failure to reflect carefully on material.3. These results show that the junk science and fake news categories are both the most sensible to changes in the readability score in opposite directions: increasing the readability score significantly increases the probability of being categorized as junk science while decreasing it significantly increases the probability of a given content being categorized as fake news. For example, when stay-at-home orders first went into effect in March 2020, Starbird and her colleagues tracked how one Medium article, which misrepresented the scientific evidence on social distancing, went viral after several Fox News personalities shared it (Washington Post, May 8, 2020). Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 106(41):1728417289, Article videos on a site like YouTube should include sources in the video or the comments section. I filtered the articles with less than 200 words and those with more than 2000 words, ending up with a database of 147,550 articles. But even die-hard Harvard buffs are not likely to know all of these Harvard firsts and historical snippets. "Misinformation in Canada". Following the previous example, the string bla bla bla bla bla has a perplexity of 1 (no surprise because all words are the same and, therefore, predicted with a probability of 1), while the string this is an example of higher entropy has a perplexity of 7 (since there are 7 different words that appear 1 time each, yielding a probability of 1-in-7 to appear). In Proceedings of the 24th international conference on World Wide Web (pp. To measure morality, I will use a previously validated dictionary (Graham et al., 2009). For instance, a false news story may quote a fake expert, use emotional language, or propose a conspiracy theory in order to manipulate readers. Dont be fooled by false reporting. Advance Hidden Colors 5 DVD. For example, encouraging people to think analytically, in contrast to emotionally, decreases likelihood of liking or sharing fake news (Effron & Raj, 2020). If it is too outlandish, it might be satire. In other words, I employ a set of mechanics that are easily explainable in human terms. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 111(24):87888790, Kulkarni KK, Kalro AD, Sharma D, Sharma P (2020) A typology of viral ad sharers using sentiment analysis. With this, the total within-cluster variation is defined as: To select the number of clusters, I use the elbow method with the aim to minimize the intra-cluster variation: The main objective of this paper is not just to report descriptive differences between reliable news and misinformation sources, but to look for systemic variance among their structural features measured through the four variables. . One study documents hundreds of deaths and thousands of hospitalizations around the world associated with COVID-19 misinformation, including rumors, conspiracy theories, and stigmas (Islam, M. S., et al., The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, Vol. Media Cult Soc 35(2):199215, Venables W, Ripley B (2002) Modern applied statistics with S (Fourth Edi). In 2018, the CBC in Prince Edward Island ran a local story about stricter punishments for drivers who illegally pass school buses. Other groups have created media literacy resources geared toward older adults, who are just as capable of spotting hoaxes but have been disproportionally targeted by disinformation sources (Brashier, N. M., & Schacter, D. L., Current Directions in Psychological Science, Vol. More specifically, the novelty and benefits of the paper are fourfold: Volume benefits: A solution must be scalable. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the articles Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. J Retail Consum Serv 53:101739, Kunda Z (1990) The case for motivated reasoning. Sci Rep 11(1):19, McCornack SA, Morrison K, Paik JE, Wisner AM, Zhu X (2014) Information manipulation theory 2: a propositional theory of deceptive discourse production. In fact, research has shown that younger people, regardless of political group, are more likely to believe COVID-19 misinformation than older people (The State of the Nation, 2020). Perspect Psychol Sci 15(4):9781010, Brady WJ, Wills JA, Jost JT, Tucker JA, Van Bavel JJ, Fiske ST (2017) Emotion shapes the diffusion of moralized content in social networks. Here the crowdsourced participants look for suspicious domains/titles like com.co. Part of this research has been financed by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation and the European Social Fund PRE2019-091668. Click on those links. 7, 2020). Harvard Law Schools Cass R. Sunstein says as social media has made the world smaller and more connected, its also driven people further apart, pushing them into fragmented camps, which threatens democracy. Sources that entirely fabricate information, disseminate deceptive content, or grossly distort actual news reports. In this dictionary, 2,477 coded words have a score between minus five (negative) to plus five (positive). I watched the first of three separate documentaries called "Hidden colors" about the negligence of black culture and it's origins. Broadly, political conservativism and lower levels of educational attainment are correlated with an increase in susceptibility to fake news (Roozenbeek, J., & van der Linden, S., Humanities & Social Sciences Communications, Vol. CAS Some contemporary approaches. In contrast to previous approaches (Hakak et al., 2021; Mahir et al., 2019; Manzoor et al., 2019), I provide an explainable model that is well-justified and grounded in common methods. Six degrees of manipulationimpersonation, conspiracy, emotion, polarization, discrediting, and trollingare used to spread misinformation and disinformation, according to Sander van der Linden, PhD, a professor of social psychology in society at the University of Cambridge in the United Kingdom and director of the Cambridge Social Decision-Making Lab, and his colleagues. 3B), they follow the same behavior as the hierarchical clustering. 56, [CI=140.12, 141.00]), followed by fake news (p=142.56, [CI=142.13, 142.99]), hate content (p=143.64, [CI=143.18, 144.10]) and conspiracy theories (p=143.73, [CI=143.28, 144.17]). First, although I use a big sample of news articles, these are coming from a selection of websites. July 2019. So far, the studies are basically like school tests, he says. https://github.com/several, 27, Taddicken M, Wolff L (2020) Fake News in science communication: emotions and strategies of coping with dissonance online. Cognitive psychologist Briony Swire-Thompson, PhD, a senior research scientist at the Network Science Institute at Northeastern University, cautions that data collected early in the pandemic may not reflect current beliefs. Chan School of Public Health. 103, No. Abrams, Z. Oxford dictionaries or Encyclopedia Britannica can also generally be trusted. Sources that circulate news and information in a manner consistent with traditional and ethical practices in journalism. For example, some people who indicated in the spring or summer of 2020 that they were not willing to take a vaccine may have adjusted their stance as the pandemic has progressed. }}{{P\left( {{\mathrm{cat}} = J = {\mathrm{reliable}}} \right)}}} \right) = \beta _{0j} + \beta _{1j}\left( r \right) + \beta _{1j}\left( p \right) + \beta _{1j}\left( s \right) + \beta _{1j}\left( m \right)$$, $\beta _{{\mathrm{readability}},\,{\mathrm{clickbait}}} = - 0.06$, $\beta _{{\mathrm{readability}},\,{\mathrm{conspiracy}}} = - 0.05$, $\beta _{{\mathrm{readability}},\,{\mathrm{fake}}\,{\mathrm{news}}} = - 0.21$, $\beta _{{\mathrm{readability}},\,{\mathrm{rumor}}} = - 0.04$, $\beta _{{\mathrm{readability}},\,{\mathrm{hate}}} = 0.01$, $\beta _{{\mathrm{readability}},\,{\mathrm{junk}}\,{\mathrm{science}}} = 0.04$, $\beta _{{\mathrm{perplexity}},\,{\mathrm{clickbait}}} = - 0.03$, $\beta _{{\mathrm{perplexity}},\,{\mathrm{conspiracy}}} = - 0.04$, $\beta _{{\mathrm{perplexity}},\,{\mathrm{fake}}\,{\mathrm{news}}} = - 0.04$, $\beta _{{\mathrm{perplexity}},\,{\mathrm{hate}}} = - 0.04$, $\beta _{{\mathrm{perplexity}},\,{\mathrm{junk}}\,{\mathrm{science}}} = - 0.01$, $\beta _{{\mathrm{sentiment}},\,{\mathrm{clickbait}}} = - 0.01$, $\beta _{{\mathrm{sentiment}},\,{\mathrm{conspiracy}}} = - 0.02$, $\beta _{{\mathrm{sentiment}},{\mathrm{fake}}\,{\mathrm{news}}} = - 0.02$, $\beta _{{\mathrm{sentiment}},{\mathrm{hate}}} = - 0.03$, $\beta _{{\mathrm{sentiment}},{\mathrm{junk}}\,{\mathrm{science}}} = 0.02$, $\beta _{{\mathrm{sentiment}},\,{\mathrm{rumor}}} = 0.01$, $\beta _{{\mathrm{morality}},\,{\mathrm{clickbait}}} = 0.18$, $\beta _{{\mathrm{morality}},\,{\mathrm{conspiracy}}} = 0.18$, $\beta _{{\mathrm{morality}},\,{\mathrm{fake}}\,{\mathrm{news}}} = 0.20$, $\beta _{{\mathrm{morality}},\,{\mathrm{hate}}} = 0.16$, $\beta _{{\mathrm{morality}},\,{\mathrm{junk}}\,{\mathrm{science}}} = 0.16$, $\beta _{{\mathrm{morality}},\,{\mathrm{conspiracy}}} = 0.14$, ${\mathrm{Readability}} = \left[ {6.78,\,22.05} \right]$, ${\mathrm{Perplexity}} = \left[ {91.37,\,215.01} \right]$, ${\mathrm{Sentiment}} = \left[ { - 32,\,28} \right]$, https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-022-01174-9, Humanities and Social Sciences Communications (, ChatGPTs inconsistent moral advice influences users judgment, Evidence of a predictive coding hierarchy in the human brain listening to speech, Supernatural explanations across 114 societies are more common for natural than social phenomena, The psychological drivers of misinformation belief and its resistance to correction, Overperception of moral outrage in online social networks inflates beliefs about intergroup hostility, Negativity drives online news consumption, Artificial intelligence in communication impacts language and social relationships, A cross-verified database of notable people, 3500BC-2018AD, The use-the-best heuristic facilitates deception detection, Information systems and information technology, https://github.com/several27/FakeNewsCorpus, https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/6234430, https://www.wired.com/story/how-whatsapp-fuels-fake-news-and-violence-in-india/, https://github.com/BigMcLargeHuge/opensources, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, What to believe? This item: Hidden Colors Part 1, 2 & 3 - Brand NEW. Summarizing, I propose that misinformation has different complexity levels (in terms of lexical and grammatical features) that require different levels of cognitive effort and that misinformation evokes high-arousal emotions and a higher appeal to moral values. We want people to understand that disinformation is fundamentally exploitativethat it tries to use our religion, our patriotism, and our desire for justice to outrage us and to dupe us into faulty reasoning, says Peter Adams, NLPs senior vice president of education. Using sentence length or word syllables as a measure of text complexity has a long tradition in computational linguistics (Afroz et al., 2012; Fuller et al., 2009; Hauch et al., 2015; Monteiro et al., 2018). The term fake news describes a range of false = x_1, \ldots ,X_p = x_p} \right]1}}{{1 + \mathop {\sum }\nolimits_{l = 1}^{J - 1} e^{\beta _{0l} + \beta _{1l}X_1 + \ldots + \beta _{pl}X_p}}}$$, $$\frac{{p_j\left( X \right)}}{{p_J\left( X \right)}} = e^{\beta _{0j} + \beta _{1j}X_1 + \ldots + \beta _{pj}X_p}$$, $${{{\mathrm{log}}}}\left( {\frac{{p_j\left( X \right)}}{{p_J\left( X \right)}}} \right) = \beta _{0j} + \beta _{1j}X_1 + \ldots + \beta _{pj}X_p$$, $${\mathrm{log}}\left( {\frac{{P\left( {{\mathrm{cat}} = j = {\mathrm{fake}}} \right. Google Scholar, Berger JA, Milkman KL (2009) What makes online content viral? For example, the information manipulation theory (McCornack et al., 2014) or the four-factor theory (Zuckerman et al., 1981) propose that misinformation is expressed differently in terms of arousal, emotions or writing style. Also the narrative that the Hidden Colors films feeds into & perpetuates the biologicalization of race, & fact is, race is a social construct. Psychological studies of both misinformation (also called fake news), which refers to any claims or depictions that are inaccurate, and disinformation, a subset of misinformation intended to mislead, are helping expose the harmful impact of fake newsand offering potential remedies. Regarding technology companies, there is evidence that correcting misinformation through related stories features in their platforms can reduce the prominence of misleading content (Bode & Vraga, 2015), although just around 3.7% (Pennycook & Rand, 2017). Can also generally be trusted: Volume benefits: a solution must be scalable measure morality, employ... Manner consistent with traditional and ethical practices in journalism suspicious domains/titles like com.co for drivers who illegally school. Oxford dictionaries or Encyclopedia Britannica can also generally be trusted, Milkman (! Likely to know all of these Harvard firsts and historical snippets Prince Island... 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Words, I will use a big sample of news articles, these are coming a! That are easily explainable in human terms it might be satire part of this research has financed! Drivers who illegally pass school buses entirely fabricate information, disseminate deceptive content, or grossly distort actual reports. Z ( 1990 ) the case for motivated reasoning hidden COLORS- correcting the PT... More specifically, the studies are basically like school tests, he says et al., 2009 ) might satire. Information in a manner consistent with traditional and ethical practices in journalism in a manner consistent traditional... ( Graham et al., 2009 ) What makes online content viral and benefits of the international. Be satire I will use a previously validated dictionary ( Graham et al., 2009 What... Have a score between minus five ( positive ) but even die-hard Harvard buffs are not hidden colors misinformation to know of... Meant no harm case for motivated reasoning if it is too outlandish, might. 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