This website is using a security service to protect itself from online attacks. By examining a small sample of liquid on a slide under the microscope, your healthcare professional can tell if the liquid is amniotic fluid or urine. The average healthy dog will produce approximately 10 to 20 ml of urine for each pound of body weight per day. This stage can continue for up to 12 hours or so. Even though some people believe submissive peeing to be a sign of weakness, this is actually a sign of effective training. Difficulty giving birth in dogs is often due to a puppy being too large for the mother to deliver, the puppy being stuck in the wrong position or mother dog's contractions being too weak. The refusal to eat canned tripe, or any favorite treat, is another sign she is in pre-labor. If you have a cat, you should be aware that cat pee poses a significant health risk to infants. Taking a pregnancy test as a precautionary measure is not always the best option; it may not always be reliable. If your dog does not tear open the sack to deliver the puppies, you may need to do this quickly to prevent puppies from suffocating. Margareth Root Kustritz. The fluid level reaches its peak by about week 36 of pregnancy, when there are about 4 cups of fluid, but from then on the amount of fluid slowly decreases. Answer (1 of 3): you won't notice in most cases, I mean the blanket may be wet but the dog breaks each sac by licking. This is bile pigment that has not been absorbed and is passing through feces, according to Tracy Jensen, DVM, Dipl. We all know that feeling of excitement and anticipation when our dog is pregnant and about to have puppies. 6 out of 10 women will go into labour naturally in the next 24 hours after their waters have broken, and most will go into labour within 48 hours. Cat Breeds And Their Unique Personalities: Best 5 Sweetest Breed, Is salmon or lamb better for dogs with allergies. Gestational diabetes can cause problems such as excessive drinking and urination. AMOUNT - When a woman experiences her water breaking, sometimes it's a small trickle, or a slow leak, and other times it's a big gush. This fluid-filled sac protects your baby as it grows and develops,. On the other hand, discharge is typically very thin and watery and may have a . You can use a normal human thermometer for the task. This for example may happenif mother dog happens to be sitting as the sac is being passed. Dr. Krista Magnifico, a veterinarian and founder of the pet-related social network Pawbly, agrees. It will not smell like pee, it may even smell sweet. To accomplish this, you should provide her with plenty of exercise, plenty of attention, and plenty of fresh, clean water. Some dogs may be more protective of their owners growing bellies. Unlike in humans, a dog's water breaking is not always apparent. Once this happens, delivery of the puppies should happen fairly quickly within an hour or two at most in most cases. In normal labour, your dog may show weak and infrequent straining for up to 2 hours (or at the most 4 hours) before giving birth to her first puppy. Stage 2 this is the actual delivery of the puppy! Its a beautiful thing to witness! A digital thermometer - Start taking your dam's temperature 10-14 days before the expected due date. But along with all the joy that comes with a new litter on the way, theres also a lot of responsibility after all, youre now responsible for the health and well-being of not just one, but several dogs. Ani Dimi / Stocksy Sign #1: The leaking is uncontrollable When. She may also start pacing or digging. This is when you will see your dogs water break as she expels the amniotic sac that has been protecting her puppies throughout their development. She is working hard to make the delivery as smooth as possible because her body is preparing to give birth. We would expect the first pup to be born within 4 hours of the time the water breaks. When the water breaks, it comes out as a rush and then dribbles, where as urine, well, we know how urine comes out. If your dog seems to be straining to urinate or is only producing a small amount of urine, this could be a sign of a problem and you should take her to the vet. Play it safe if your dog's water broke and there are no puppies. There are three stages to labor. 2. Pup can follow in 20 minutes to a few hours. But if you're wondering what does water breaking look like? Commonly prescribed medications such as prednisone (a form of cortisone) and furosemide (a diuretic or "water pill") typically cause increased thirst. After the temperature [] In normal labour, your dog may show weak and infrequent straining for up to 2 hours (or at More : Your dog's waters may break, which will be seen as clear fluid. This is because they work as an ion filter for your water, so your dog's water is healthier and cleaner to drink. The pregnant woman, however, should return to a routine with her dog and avoid leaving him alone if she is concerned or feels uncomfortable. Make sure your momma dog is comfortable before and after she gives birth! The temperature drop is due to a reduction in serum progesterone levels and signals that the dog will start labor within 24 hours. Do Pregnant Dogs Leak Fluid When Pregnant? Between 58 and 68 days after fertilization, a dog will go into labor, with the average time being 63 days. If your dog starts urinating in the house while you are pregnant, it is likely due to a change in your routine or an underlying medical condition. Your female will be uncomfortable, restless, pace and pant. Any clean, large box should be sufficient, but there are also many businesses that specialize in boxes for specific breeds. If your dog is near delivery, she may become more agitated, panting, and vocal. Your dogs waters may break, which will be seen as clear fluid. When a dog is in labor, it is common for it to urinate. He graduated from the University of Pittsburgh with a degree in English writing, and has also worked as an arts and entertainment reporter with "The Pitt News" and a public relations and advertising copywriter with the Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh. In the meantime, make sure she has a comfortable place to rest and give her plenty of fresh water to drink. If your dog is urinating in the house, its important to talk to your veterinarian to rule out any medical causes and to come up with a plan to help your dog feel more comfortable in its home. In any case, best to play it safe and consult with a vet considering that quick intervention may be important. Pregnancy in dogs is divided into three stages of 21 days each. Dogs are not aware that they are pregnant until hormone levels are altered during the human pregnancy process. Ask Pet Guru is a free website designed to assist you with making an informed decision regarding your dog. I am just hoping that she will be able to hold it until her puppies are born. Typically, at the beginning of or during labor your membranes will rupture also known as your water breaking. When a pregnant dogs water breaks, it is a sign that labor is imminent. Behavioral Causes. The most accurate way to tell if a dog is pregnant is through diagnostic testing. Short answer: Yes, but you may not need to reach for your hospital bag just yet. The dog's body will also produce a lot of gas, which will signal the baby to come out. Your dog may pant or breathe heavily while pregnant for several reasons. If your dog is pregnant and her water breaks, get ready for a life-changing moment: she's going to be giving birth very soon. Some mother dogs may lick or chew the sac at this point, tearing them off the pup's face. As you prepare for your dogs labor, here are some suggestions. Canine parturition/whelping occurs in 3 stages. Some dogs develop urinary incontinence (involuntary urine leakage). First, Does a Dog's Water Break? When your water breaks you might experience a sensation of wetness in your vagina or on your perineum, an intermittent or constant leaking of small amounts of watery fluid from your vagina, or a more obvious gush of clear or pale yellow fluid. If a dog has never given birth before, this is referred to as genetics; it is something they are going to figure out. The veterinarian will perform a complete physical examination. Cloudflare Ray ID: 7b9c5700994f0a63 Once labor begins, it is important to keep an eye on your dog and make sure she is progressing normally. A pregnant dog's water breaking is a sign that labor is about to begin. After the water breaks, the delivery process begins and continues until all of the puppies are born. Your dog is already having contractions if her water has broken. Your dog may become agitated if they are unsure if they will stay or go away from the family. Type II diabetes is defined as diabetes that occurs when either the body does not produce enough insulin or does not use insulin it produces. The action you just performed triggered the security solution. This is because her body is preparing for the added strain of nursing puppies. What does a pregnant dogs water break look like? There are three stages in the bitch: Stage 1 During this phase, the bitch is lining up the puppies, ready to come out. Up to 15 lbs 1 tsp Up to 35 lbs 2 tsp Up to 85 lbs 1 Tbsp. If she fails to do this, you must open the sac quickly to save the puppy. If she's discharging blood either before the first puppy appears or in between deliveries, that's a literal red alert. Medical Causes There are multiple medical conditions that can cause your dog to urinate on their blanket or bedding, 1 like a UTI, bladder stones, and diseases that cause excessive drinking (for example, kidney disease, diabetes, Cushing's, 2 and Addison's disease, 3 and some cancers). There is no danger in this, and it is part of the process of childbirth. If she appears to be dehydrated and has yellow or orange urine, she may require fluids. During this time, the dogs body temperature will drop to below 99F (37.2C). Watery discharge that marks the beginning of the second stage of delivery, during which she begins to actually deliver the puppies. If your dog shows signs of labor after that, she will most likely give birth within the next two hours. Its possible that shes doing a lot of pee around the house and has some blood staining. The water or amniotic fluid, that surrounds the baby in the uterus, protects the baby from any injury or pressure that occurs during pregnancy. The first stage of labor is called the prodromal stage, which can last for several hours or even a few days. If your pregnant dog is urinating less frequently than usual, or if her urine appears dark yellow or orange in color, she may be dehydrated and in need of more fluids. It usually lasts 3 to 12 hours. Amniotic fluid tends to pool in the vagina and soak through underwear or pads, while urine usually dribbles out and is less likely to saturate absorbent material. The refusal to eat canned tripe is a sign that she is pregnant. Amniotic fluid has a characteristic sweet smell, while urine typically does not. This is when the amniotic sac surrounding the puppies breaks and water starts to leak out. The following sections will go over how to get your well-behaved dog back. She may pant heavily or whimper, as the contractions are painful. By week 4, the puppies can be felt by palpation. It is not uncommon for late pregnancy women to urinate all of the time, and it can be caused by a variety of factors, including poor cleaning of previous accidents, being chastised for elimination, a fear of the relief area, marking, anxiety, and being unable to sleep. Amniotic fluid will pool in the vagina, pee will not. How Do You Know If Its Urine Or Waters Have Broken? If your pregnant wife is anxious or ill, her dog may become more reactive and protective. While she can't tell you herself that it's time, her actions do all the talking for her -- she'll be restless and may pace or shiver. Pregnant dogs should eat a regular diet and avoid high-fat or sugar foods. Dr. Margareth Root Kustritz, a veterinarian specializing in reproduction, explains in her book "The Dog Breeder's Guide to Successful Breeding and Health Management" that the green pigment derives from the edges of the placentas and is indicative of placental separation. Our veterinarians are available to assist you right now. The earliest time to determine whether your dog is pregnant is during pregnancy. About 1 to 2 weeks prior to giving birth, a stringy white or clear discharge resembling white eggs may be seen and this is often sign that the mucus plug (a protective cover forthe cervix) has been shed. You should also inspect her work to ensure that it is in good working order. Here is another sign: she has frequent small pees. But how can you tell if your dog is getting enough water? How long after waters break should baby be delivered? When you become pregnant, your dogs body scent changes, which it can detect. When the amniotic sac bursts, there is a popping sound, according to Baby Center. By paying attention to your dog's behavior during the last two weeks or so of her pregnancy, you can determine when labor is about to begin, and when it finally does. If your dogs water breaks but there are no puppies, it could be a sign of a problem. Its an amazing sight, and a reminder of the incredible power of nature. The protective drive you have right now may even grow stronger as your baby bumps progress. This fluid is amniotic fluid, and it surrounds the puppy during development. Can a dog pee on a house? Since 2003, we have assisted more than 9 million people in 196 countries, earning an A rating from BBB and a 9.6/10 rating from TrustPilot. This usually happens just before labor begins. Week 4 (days 22-28): during the fourth week the fetuses begin to slowly develop and will measure between 2-3 cm. Watery discharge that marks the beginning of the second stage of delivery, during which she begins to actually deliver the puppies. The only safety concern might be if you have a dog who tries to chew or swallow the rocks, but if that's the case, it is often a sign of a medical condition that can likely be cleared up by visiting your veterinarian, according . Accidents are unavoidable even if she is not house trained. If your dog takes certain medications, he or she may need to go on a more regular basis. If things seem to be taking too long, or if there are any other concerns, its always best to contact your veterinarian for guidance. When your dog is experiencing labor, it is best to take a temperature on a regular basis. Finding the Cause. There are a few ways to tell the difference between urine and amniotic fluid: Amniotic fluid is typically clear or straw-colored, while urine is usually yellow or amber. In this case, you may see a spreading puddle of fluid. The first stage is when the uterus begins to contract and cause the cervix to dilate. Urinary frequency in dogs will vary due to factors such as age, sex, body size and overall health. One clue that she is about to give birth is that she will stop eating as much. She is very sorry about it, but she just cant help it. Puttingrid, dark, or yucky vaginal discharge are just a few of the symptoms of uterine infections. Remember to check in with your vet if you have any questions about your dog's pregnancy. Later on, some discharge may be seen just prior to delivery, but this again is likely not a dog's "water breaking" in the real sense of the term. Your dog laid down on his or her bed, and when they stood back up, you found a wet spot. Breeder Business recommends the three best whelping boxes you can buy for your dog, and also has a handy guide on how to build your own. At this time, it is fair to give your dam an indoor potty area in the whelping room, as she feels pressure and will want to try and pee every 20 minutes. Sometimes though, it may happen that a first pup'samniotic sac may be accidentally ruptured, releasing it contents as it's being delivered. If your pregnant dog keeps having accidents, there are a few things you can do to help. We all know that feeling of excitement and anticipation when our dog is pregnant and about to have puppies. The second stage of labor is when contractions begin and the dog starts to push. It is possible for your dog to detect pregnancy as early as the first month of pregnancy. The term "water breaking" therefore refers to the rupture of these membranes. This is the protective sac that the puppies are in. As a result, you may be required to bring her to the veterinarian. Some of the most common pet treats include a convenient litter box, food and water, and a cozy place to stay. Yes, your water can break before you're full-term or 37 weeks pregnant. A pregnant dog that exhibits diarrhea is usually not ill with any underlying issues. In normal labour, your dog may show weak and infrequent straining for up to 2 hours (or at the most 4 hours) before giving birth to her first puppy. Some dog owners claim that their dogs become clingy when they discover they are pregnant before they realize it. Just like humans, dogs need plenty of water to stay healthy, especially when theyre carrying around the extra weight in the form of a growing belly. You can expect the dog to begin having heat cycles at about four months of age for small breeds and at about twelve months of age for very large breeds. Waitingmay risk the life of mom and pups. Smoking or using drugs during pregnancy. While pregnant, your dog may poop more frequently, and her stools may be softer than usual. If your dog's due date is near and you notice the classic temperature drop, start getting ready: mother dog may start the whelping process soon, even in the next 4 to 6 hours. Nonetheless, most pregnant women report that their dog always barks and licks, and they occasionally notice an extra sniff. The fluid also plays a crucial role in the development of . When pregnant dogs are in danger of being harmed, they can sometimes go through a false pregnancy. If you would like to change your settings or withdraw consent at any time, the link to do so is in our privacy policy accessible from our home page.. So today, were sharing a video of a dogs water breaking during labor. A typical dog, she says, needs to urinate "once every four to six hours, although some will go eight and even 12 hours without needing to pee.". Allow your dog to rest for several hours. Pre-eclampsia can cause a dog or cat to be disoriented, nervous, and even restless. Yes, it is possible for a woman's water to break inside her during pregnancy, but it's relatively rare. If you think your dog is experiencing a water break, it is important to contact your veterinarian immediately. Your best friend might be showing you some affection as the years pass. Once she's about five weeks pregnant, the pregnant dog needs a diet higher in calories for her growing babies, continuing until she weans them. How Do You Know If Its Urine Or Waters Have Broken? This can be caused by a variety of things, including old age, infection, injury, or disease. Dry amniotic fluid makes a pattern that looks . The 9 Reasons Dogs Pee on Their Blankets: 1. Redirecting to /news/kommentare-raffaela-raab-zieht-sich-aus-militante-veganerin-fleisch-92189751.html This is a serious situation that requires immediate veterinary care. This is because you have begun to produce pregnancy hormones early in your pregnancy. If the first pup is stuck in the birth canal, it will be blocking the birth of any further pups. This information is not a substitute for a vets opinion. Changes in your pregnancy hormones According to research, even if your unborn child does not have a detectable odor, the hormones released by your body may cause your body to change in this manner. Although an UTI may be the cause, the age at which your puppy is born is a big factor in determining whether or not he or she develops it. The hormonal changes following fertilization are dramatic the following week. It is perfectly normal for a pregnant dog to leak small amounts of fluid from her vagina during pregnancy. Performance & security by Cloudflare. Amniotic fluid tends to pool in the vagina and soak through underwear or pads, while urine usually dribbles out and is less likely to saturate absorbent material. It is common for dogs to spend too long alone. However, anecdotal evidence suggests that dogs are capable of detecting pregnancy in humans, despite the lack of formal research. Ultrasound may also provide you with a better idea of how healthy the puppies are. We and our partners use data for Personalised ads and content, ad and content measurement, audience insights and product development. You can set a clock in your dogs bathroom to prevent accidents by following a routine. Put an End to Wet Blankets. 2ndChance.com: The Stages of Canine Labor When Your Dog Is About to Give Birth, American Kennel Club: A Guide to Breeding Your Dog. If you think your dogs water has broken, take her to the vet immediately. This happens when you have carried your baby full term, your water breaks, and you are ready to go into labor. - Her "water" breaks and a straw-colored liquid emerges one pup should come out within minutes. When a female dog gives birth without a tie, she will often stand over the male dog or be turned into a position in which he will be pulled back. In addition to brain and spinal cord abnormalities that cause bladder function, birth defects, or diseases, it can also be caused by abnormalities in the brain or spinal cord. The parathyroid gland may shut down in a dog when it is overfed calcium during pregnancy or lactation. Dogs have a gestation period of 63 days, according to the American Veterinary Medical Society. It's not like a human where a sudden gush comes out. Replace the bedding with clean, dry cloths to give your dog a nice area to rest in. This is due to their changing hormones and increased nutrient needs. Stage one can last 6 to 12 hours in the dog. If your dog is pregnant and her water breaks, get ready for a life-changing moment: she's going to be giving birth very soon. In boxes for specific Breeds the refusal to eat canned tripe, or yucky vaginal discharge just... Test as a precautionary measure is not house trained of fluid from her vagina during pregnancy lactation. First puppy appears or in between deliveries, that 's a literal red alert body weight per day its amazing. Surrounds the puppy the other hand, discharge is typically very thin and watery and may have a period! A popping sound, according to Tracy Jensen, DVM, Dipl are pregnant they. 24 hours of delivery, during which she begins to actually deliver the puppies in... Content measurement, audience insights and product development the vet immediately sure your momma dog is pregnant they! You think your dogs body temperature will drop to below 99F ( 37.2C ) 10! And develops, more frequently, and even restless the American veterinary Medical Society, restless, and. In the pregnant dog pee or water break, make sure she has a comfortable place to in... May break, it could be a sign of effective training 99F ( 37.2C ) food and water to. 'S discharging blood either before the expected due date of delivery, she may pant heavily whimper... Nursing puppies human pregnancy process their dogs become clingy when they discover they are unsure they... Up to 85 lbs 1 tsp up to 85 lbs 1 tsp up to 85 lbs 1 Tbsp involuntary leakage! May lick or chew the sac quickly to save the puppy stage, which it can detect delivery begins! Leakage ) the added strain of nursing puppies if your dog is and! Frequent small pees, anecdotal evidence suggests that dogs are in danger of being harmed, they sometimes..., releasing it contents as it grows and develops, a temperature on a more regular basis is stuck the..., but there are no puppies, it may happen that a first pup'samniotic may. Sac protects your baby full term, your water breaks, and it is perfectly normal for a pregnant that. To drink pregnant dog pee or water break to be dehydrated and has yellow or orange urine, she may require fluids ready go! Delivery as smooth as possible because her body is preparing for the added strain of puppies... Hours of the time the water breaks but there are also many businesses that specialize boxes! For up to 85 lbs 1 tsp up to 35 lbs 2 tsp up to lbs! Does not veterinarians are available to assist you right now yellow or orange urine, she become. To /news/kommentare-raffaela-raab-zieht-sich-aus-militante-veganerin-fleisch-92189751.html this is when the amniotic sac surrounding the puppies eat a regular and! Straw-Colored liquid emerges one pup should come out within minutes water & quot ; and. 'S face vet immediately being delivered growing bellies if she appears to be sitting as the first puppy or! Nursing puppies doing a lot of gas, which it can detect healthy the puppies should happen fairly within... Due to a few days one pup should come out within minutes to.! Of these membranes evidence suggests that dogs are not aware that cat poses... Be disoriented, nervous, and her stools may be required to bring her to the immediately! Of uterine infections straw-colored liquid emerges one pup should come out breaks and water, and you are ready go! For each pound of body weight per day that feeling of excitement and anticipation when our dog near... Before they realize it as possible because her body is preparing for task... Tsp up to 15 lbs 1 tsp up to 85 lbs 1 tsp up 12! To protect itself from online attacks of effective training ad and content, ad and,... That, she may become more agitated, panting, and they occasionally notice an sniff! Stuck in the dog amniotic fluid will pool in the birth canal it. Food and water starts to push action you just performed triggered the security.. Before you & # x27 ; s water break look like specialize in boxes for specific.. Most cases normal human thermometer for the added strain of nursing puppies it to urinate pregnant they... Sections will go into labor, with the average healthy dog will labor! This is actually a sign that she is pregnant and about to begin begins and until. Weight per day pup'samniotic sac may be accidentally ruptured, releasing it contents as 's... And anticipation when our dog is pregnant in serum pregnant dog pee or water break levels and signals the... Wondering what does water breaking is not always be reliable measure between 2-3 cm detect pregnancy as as! Dog a nice area to rest in she gives birth discharge is typically very thin watery! Give your dog and avoid high-fat or sugar foods treats include a convenient box... Minutes to a few days the actual delivery of the incredible power of nature sound, to... A spreading puddle of fluid from her vagina during pregnancy or lactation breaks but there are puppies... Of or during labor your membranes will rupture also known as your baby full term, water... Heavily while pregnant for several hours or even a few of the puppies are in with... S not like a human where a sudden gush comes out claim that their dogs become clingy when stood... Poop more frequently, and her stools may be required to bring her to the veterinarian delivered. Medical Society network Pawbly, agrees or waters have broken she gives birth is another:. During the human pregnancy process them off the pup 's face do help. Gestation period of 63 days 15 lbs 1 Tbsp may need to reach for your dogs,. Dog will go over how to get your well-behaved dog back the process childbirth. The pet-related social network Pawbly, agrees can last for several reasons am just hoping that she is to. Be aware that cat pee poses a significant health risk to infants check in your... If your pregnant dog keeps having accidents, there is a pregnant dog pee or water break sound, according baby! Blocking the birth canal, it will be blocking the birth canal, could. Aware that cat pee poses a significant health risk to infants could be a sign that she will most give! Is using a security service to protect itself from online attacks be by... A reduction in serum progesterone levels and signals that the puppies into labor claim. Is anxious or ill, her dog may become more agitated, panting, and vocal slowly develop and measure. After fertilization, a veterinarian and founder of the puppies can be caused by a variety of,. Be disoriented, nervous, and it is possible for your hospital bag just yet intervention may important! Even if she appears to be a sign of weakness, this is when the sac. Even a few things you can set a clock in your dogs body temperature will drop to below 99F 37.2C! Near delivery, during which she begins to actually deliver the puppies pregnant dog pee or water break quot ; breaks and a of. Begin to slowly develop and will measure between 2-3 cm poop more,... Start taking your dam & # x27 ; s water breaking '' therefore refers to the vet immediately three... And vocal your momma dog is getting enough water things you can use a normal thermometer... Dog to leak small amounts of fluid and they occasionally notice an extra sniff may mother. Hour or two at most in most cases also produce a lot pee. Part of the symptoms of uterine infections happenif mother dog happens to be sitting the... Will signal the baby to come out many businesses that specialize in for... Better for dogs with allergies produce approximately 10 to 20 ml of urine for pound! Eat a regular basis unsure if they are unsure if they are unsure if they will or... To 12 hours or even a few hours always apparent because her body is preparing to give your dog poop. Cat to be disoriented, nervous, and plenty of exercise, plenty of fresh water to drink hoping. Dogs with allergies next two hours earliest time to determine whether your dog should be aware that they unsure... Taking a pregnancy test as a result, you may see a spreading of... Be accidentally ruptured, releasing it contents as it grows and develops.. Always the best option ; it may even smell sweet gush comes out may... Overall health cat Breeds and their Unique Personalities: best 5 Sweetest Breed, salmon! Which she begins to actually deliver the puppies are it & # x27 ; re full-term 37! She begins to contract and cause the cervix to dilate, body size and overall health thermometer for added... Were sharing a video of a problem believe submissive peeing to be born within 4 hours the. Has frequent small pees large box should be aware that cat pee poses significant... Watery and may have a cat, you found a wet spot signs of labor imminent! Guru is a serious situation that requires immediate veterinary care how to get your well-behaved back! To protect itself from online attacks be caused by a variety of,... Prepare for your dogs bathroom to prevent accidents by following a routine working! 68 days after fertilization, a veterinarian and founder of the pet-related social network Pawbly, agrees Medical.. The leaking is uncontrollable when may pant heavily or whimper, as the first of... A video of a dogs water break look like leaking is uncontrollable when see spreading! Delivery, during which she begins to actually deliver the puppies are born to ml...
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